分享一篇关于转基因作物和产品利与损害的文献

1 Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea （韩国首尔建国大学）

2 Bioherb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea

Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1722; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021722 （2023年出版。
原文链接处）

Abstract

nt studies pointed out the existence of several controversies in the use of GMOs, mainly related to the human health, nutritions, environmental issues. Willingness to accept genetically modified (GM) products and the adoption of biosafety regulations varies from country to country. Knowledge about the gene engineering technology, debate between the government agencies, scientist, environmentalist and related NGOs on the GM products are the major factors for low adoptions of biosafety regulation. Therefore, the genetic transformation will help in the advancement of plant species in the future; however, more research and detailed studies are required.

择要

遗传转化已成为一种主要的工具，通过整合具有空想性状的新基因，对有代价的植物进行遗传改良。
这些策略特殊适用于作物，以提高产量、抗病性、对环境胁迫（冷、热、干旱、盐碱、除草剂和昆虫）的耐受性，并增加植物的生物量和药用代价。
生产具有更空想产品和产量的康健植物有助于实现可持续发展目标。
转基因食品进入市场增加了潜在的风险。
对其对环境和生物安全的影响进行适当评估是其商业化前的主要一步。
在本文中，我们总结并谈论了转基因植物和产品的风险和益处、转基因植物对人类康健的危害、环境影响、转基因食品和产品的生物安全法规以及药用代价的提高。
目前的研究指出，转基因生物的利用存在一些争议，紧张涉及人类康健、营养、环境等问题。
接管转基因产品的意愿和生物安全法规的采取因国家而异。
对基因工程技能的理解、政府机构、科学家、环保主义者和干系非政府组织之间关于转基因产品的辩论是生物安全法规采取率低的紧张成分。
因此，基因转化将有助于未来植物物种的进步；然而，还须要更多的研究和详细的研究。

5. Disadvantages of Genetically Modified Plants and Products

The introduction of genetically modified food in the market has raised some serious questions regarding human health, environmental economics, and legal issues. For instance, it has been reported that the transfer of genes poses serious genetic hazards and is associated with possible food toxicity [41]. Once GMOs are produced and released into the environment, they can be difficult to control [171] and any harmful products produced by these organisms will remain metabolically active as long as they survive and multiply [171].

5.转基因植物和产品的缺陷

转基因食品进入市场引发了一些关于人类康健、环境经济学和法律问题的严重问题。
例如，据宣布，基因转移会造成严重的遗传危害，并与可能的食品毒性有关[41]。
一旦转基因生物产生并开释到环境中，它们可能很难掌握[171]，只要它们存活和繁殖，这些生物产生的任何有害产物都将保持代谢活性[171]。

5.1. Human Health Hazards

Despite the advantages of GMOs, there is increasing concern about food safety and health risks. The transgene may cause undesirable developmental and physiological effects on mammals, including humans. There is a likelihood that the transformed gene may produce toxic protein or allergens or causes allergenic reaction in the human body. Moreover, other potential concerns are incomplete digestion of GMO foodstuffs in the gastrointestinal tract, which could result in the horizontal transfer of genes to the microflora and somatic cells of the intestine [172]. Others have emphasized that the transfer of genes could cause infertility in animals, and result in allergic reactions [173].

5.1.人体康健危害

只管转基因生物具有上风，但人们越来越担心食品安全和康健风险。
转基因可能对包括人类在内的哺乳动物造成不良的发育和生理影响。
转化的基因可能会产生有毒蛋白质或过敏原，或在人体内引起过敏反应。
此外，其他潜在的问题是胃肠道中转基因食品的不完备消化，这可能导致基因水平转移到肠道的微生物区系和体细胞[172]。
其他人强调，基因转移可能导致动物不孕，并导致过敏反应[173]。

5.2. Environmental Risks

The release of such products and their possible impacts on the environment regenerate high monitoring of environmental biosecurity to reduce or complete eradication of risk induced by them. Apart from direct effects on human health, GM plants have environmental effects on non-target organisms such as fish, worms, bees, and insects, biodiversity loss, and gene instability [174]. In other studies, Bt toxin produced by transgenic cotton killed many species of insect larvae, causing an imbalance in the ecosystem and food chain [175]. It has been argued that GM crops have a serious impact on farmers and their indigenous products because they compete with GMO products [176]. However, several previous studies reported the no-targeted impacts of novel genes transformed into the plant genome. For example, Bt maize showed potential hazards and toxic to monarch butterfly larvae that feed on milkweed leaves contaminated with pollens from Bt strains and caused delayed development, and increased maturity reported in Ostrinia nubilalis and Spodoptera littorals ingested with corn leaves expressing Bt CryIAS toxins [177].

5.2环境风险

此类产品的开释及其对环境的可能影响重新引发了对环境生物安全的高度监测，以减少或完备肃清其引发的风险。
除了对人类康健的直接影响外，转基因植物对鱼类、蠕虫、蜜蜂和昆虫等非目标生物、生物多样性损失和基因不稳定也有环境影响[174]。
在其他研究中，转基因棉花产生的Bt毒素杀去世了许多种类的昆虫幼虫，导致生态系统和食品链失落衡[175]。
有人认为，转基因作物对农人及其本当地货物有严重影响，由于它们与转基因产品竞争[176]。
然而，之前的几项研究宣布了转化到植物基因组中的新基因没有针对性的影响。
例如，Bt玉米对以被Bt菌株花粉污染的乳草叶子为食的帝王蝶幼虫显示出潜在的危害和毒性，并导致发育迟缓。

5.3. Gene Flow

The most serious problem associated with gene flow is the loss of biodiversity and often cited as potential risk. Chances of accidental cross pollination between GM crops with its wild relatives are very high, making them super-weeds that resist diverse herbicides and become difficult to control. There are several examples where gene flow from crops to the relatives weeds such as in Beta vulgaris [178], in Avena strigose [179], in Brassica napus [180].

5.3.基因流动

与基因流动干系的最严重问题是生物多样性的损失，常日被认为是潜在的风险。
转基因作物与其野生亲缘植物之间意外异花授粉的几率非常高，这使它们成为超级杂草，能够抵抗多种除草剂，并变得难以掌握。
有几个例子表明，基因从作物流向亲缘杂草，如Beta vulgaris[178]、Avena strigose[179]和Brassica napus[180]。

5.4. Increased Antibiotic Resistance

GM products enter the human body through food, vaccines, bacteria, or viruses. There is concern that the GM plants with bacterial resistance genes in their genome and might act as the source of drug resistance genes to the bacteria of clinical importance. Moreover, the possibility of developing antibiotic-resistant bacteria has been reported because of the frequent use of antibiotics in the genetic transformation process [181]. Most GM products contain marker genes and genes for certain useful traits. These marker genes can build resistance to particular antibiotics, and constant consumption of these foods could result in antibiotic resistance in the human body [182].

5.4.抗生素耐药性增加

转基因产品通过食品、疫苗、细菌或病毒进入人体。
人们担心，转基因植物的基因组中含有细菌耐药性基因，可能是临床上主要细菌耐药性基因的来源。
此外，由于在基因转化过程中频繁利用抗生素，已经宣布了产生抗生素耐药性细菌的可能性[181]。
大多数转基因产品都含有标记基因和某些有用性状的基因。
这些标记基因可以建立对特定抗生素的耐药性，持续食用这些食品可能导致人体产生抗生素耐药性[182]。

5.5. GMO Products Can Trigger Immune Reactions and Allergies

The introduction of new genes into plants can cause allergies by producing unexpected products (proteins and metabolites) in the plants [183]. For instance, the immune systems of rats respond more slowly to genetically modified potatoes than to normal plants [184]. In other studies, Bt bacteria can effectively control insects that attack crops. However, there is an equal chance of consuming Bt toxins and reacting to the mammals causing allergies [185]. Insects, birds, and other animals that feed on certain crops may not consume genetically modified crops due to allergic reactions or poisonous products. As a result, a great number of fauna can face starvation, affecting entire food chains and causing serious threats to ecosystems [186].

5.5转基因产品可引发免疫反应和过敏

将新基因引入植物会在植物中产生意想不到的产物（蛋白质和代谢产物），从而引起过敏[183]。
例如，大鼠的免疫系统对转基因土豆的反应比对正常植物的反应更慢[184]。
在其他研究中，Bt细菌可以有效地掌握攻击作物的昆虫。
然而，食用Bt毒素和对引起过敏的哺乳动物做出反应的几率是相等的[185]。
以某些作物为食的昆虫、鸟类和其他动物可能因过敏反应或有毒产品而不会食用转基因作物。
因此，大量动物可能面临饥饿，影响全体食品链，并对生态系统造成严重威胁[186]。

6. Biosafety Regulatory of GMO Foods and Products

Considering the importance of GMOs, several countries have managed to develop biosafety regulatory systems for the safety of GM foods and products. The regulations surrounding GMOs are complex and the rate of consumer acceptance is crucial, which results in reduced usage of GMOs. GMOs and their products have been facing severe controversies and hurdles from the public sector, NGOs, and environmental organizations [187]. Different governments have different approaches to tackling the products of GMOs, which vary widely, and are country-specific [188]. Within the European Union (EU), Directive 2001/18/EL contains the biosafety regulation for the use of GMOs. It defines and control environmental release (case by case) evaluation of the environmental risk of GMOs [189]. Other directives such as 98/81/CE for the number of GM microorganisms, directive 1946/2003 for transboundary movement of GMOs, 1829/2003 for GM food and feed have been authorized. (不全，可以看原文）

6.转基因食品和产品的生物安全监管

考虑到转基因生物的主要性，一些国家设法制订了转基因食品和产品安全的生物安全监牵制度。
环绕转基因生物的法规很繁芜，消费者接管率至关主要，这导致转基因生物的利用减少。
转基因生物及其产品一贯面临着来自公共部门、非政府组织和环境组织的严重争媾和障碍[187]。
不同确当局有不同的方法来处理转基因生物的产品，这些方法差异很大，并且是针对详细国家的[188]。
在欧洲同盟（欧盟）内，2001/18/EL号指令包含了转基因生物利用的生物安全条例。
它定义并掌握转基因生物环境风险的环境开释（逐案）评估[189]。
其他指令，如98/81/CE关于转基因微生物数量的指令、1946/2003关于转基因生物越境转移的指令、1829/2003关于转基因食品和饲料的指令，都已得到批准。

7. Controversies of GM Foods and Products

GMOs have become a controversial topic from the beginning. The supporters of GMOs including GM technologists, GM distributors, scientists and related regulatory agencies emphasize that GM products are non-toxic and nutritious [232,233], and potential to mitigate the global food crisis with no human health and environmental impacts. [234]. Moreover, several independent studies found no significant biological differences when GM crops and products were fed to the animals [235,236]. Some studies reported the presence of remnants of fragmented GM DNA in some parts of the gastrointestinal tracts, which were not detected in the blood and tissues [237,238]. Moreover, the in vitro experiment showed no horizontal transfer of GM DNA/genes to the microbes so far [237,238]. On the other hand, environmentalist opposes and rejected such results citing that the results were unacceptable due to methodological issues [190]. At the same time, opponents of GM believe that their exist differences between genetically engineered crops and traditional breeding plants. Moreover, Breckling et al. in their report pointed out a wide range of potential risks from GMOs including vertical gene transfer, horizontal gene transfer, hybridization, and resistance [239].

7.转基因食品争议

转基因生物从一开始就成为一个有争议的话题。
转基因生物的支持者，包括转基因技能职员、转基因分销商、科学家和干系监管机构，强调转基因产品无毒、营养[223233]，有可能在不影响人类康健和环境的情形下缓解环球粮食危急。
[234]。
此外，几项独立研究创造，当将转基因作物和产品喂给动物时，没有创造显著的生物学差异[235，236]。
一些研究报告称，胃肠道的某些部位存在片段化的GM DNA残留物，但在血液和组织中未检测到[273238]。
此外，到目前为止，体外实验没有显示转基因DNA/基因向微生物的水平转移[272338]。
另一方面，环保主义者反对并谢绝了这些结果，情由是由于方法问题，这些结果是不可接管的[190]。
与此同时，反对转基因的人认为，转基因作物和传统育栽种物之间存在差异。
此外，Breckling等人在他们的报告中指出了转基因生物的广泛潜在风险，包括垂直基因转移、水平基因转移、杂交和抗性[239]。

In Mexico, a social movement made up of indigenous, peasant, civil, cultural and scientific community organizations came together in an organized way in defence of Biosafety and Genetically Modified Organisms Law in the year 2005 [253]. Recently, the government has initiated a ban on GM maize and restricted the approval of new GM cotton seeds. Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) cited concerns about the possibility of genetically modified varieties being crossed with the native varieties of wild maize and cotton found in the country [253].

在墨西哥，一场由土著、农人、民间、文化和科学社区组织组成的社会运动于2005年有组织地联络起来，守卫《生物安全和转基因生物法》[253]。
最近，政府开始禁止转基因玉米，并限定批准新的转基因棉花种子。
环境和自然资源秘书处（SEMARNAT）对转基因品种与该国野生玉米和棉花的本土品种杂交的可能性表示担忧[253]。

8. Final Considerations and Future Prospects

Biotechnology is emerging with new opportunities for the production of food and energy, especially in countries where food production is still insufficient. Greater advantages of biotechnology will be established in the field of agriculture for the future demands of food security. Biotechnology can also help in generating plant species rich in cellulose for the production of biofuels, but also has many challenges. There are several advantages related to the genetic transformation of plant species and their application in improving medicinal value; plants resistant to abiotic and biotic stresses, plants with better nutritional value, and biomolecules important for industrial and therapeutic products. The introduction of biotechnology that introduces exogenous genes has made it possible for breeders to produce cultivars with improved genetic traits, which was not possible before. The growing global demand around these sectors is essential for the application of genetic transformation strategies for more plant species. The genetic transformation will help in the advancement of plant species in the future; however, more research and detailed studies are required. Despite the advantages of this technique, there is growing concern regarding the establishment of regulations for the efficient and safe use of GM plant products, and it is important to share knowledge concerning GM crops, including risks and benefits in terms of human health and the environment.

8.末了考虑事变和未来展望

生物技能正在为粮食和能源生产带来新的机会，特殊是在粮食生产仍旧不敷的国家。
生物技能将在农业领域发挥更大的上风，以知足未来粮食安全的需求。
生物技能也有助于生产富含纤维素的植物物种，用于生产生物燃料，但也面临许多寻衅。
植物物种的遗传转化及其在提高药用代价方面的运用有几个优点；抗非生物和生物胁迫的植物，具有更好营养代价的植物，以及对工业和治疗产品主要的生物分子。
引入外源基因的生物技能使育种家有可能生产出具有改良遗传性状的品种，这在以前是不可能的。
环绕这些部门不断增长的环球需求对付更多植物物种的基因转化策略的运用至关主要。
基因改造将有助于未来植物物种的进步；然而，还须要更多的研究和详细的研究。
只管这项技能具有上风，但人们越来越关注制订有效和安全利用转基因植物产品的法规，分享有关转基因作物的知识，包括人类康健和环境方面的风险和益处，这一点很主要。

后记：由于篇幅的缘故原由，对转基因技能的上风没有在文中表示出来，如增产、抗虫等特点。
至于转基因的弊端，如对人类康健和环境方面的危害存在较大的辩论，虽然也有文献宣布转基因食品对人类康健带来了风险（大概是个体差异）。
但为了人类的康健，还须要进一步科学论证。