电子文献时代An Era of E-References

电子文献：信息资源时期

Electronic References: An Era of Information Resources

电子资源的著录与利用

Referencing and Using Electronic Resources

本日，人们写论文，多数都利用电子文档。
论文写作、文献检索、文档编辑排版都用专用的软件工具。
参考文献标注也有专业的软件来处理，比如，Endnote、Noteexpress。

Today, people mostly uses electronic documents when they write a research paper. Writing a paper, searching references and editing and typesetting are all done with professional software. Referencing can also be processed with software, such as Endnote and Noteexpress.

在其最根本的定义中，文献包含能传播和储存人类生产的信息的统统载体。
信息可以现场即时的，比如，讲课、演出；也可以是记录下来的，比如，书本、CD。
把信息用笔墨、符号、图片、音频、视频办法记录下来，采取一定格式存储在载体上，把载体保存在某个方便利用的位置上，这时，载体内的信息就成为信息资源。
研究者利用时，便是文献。

In its most essential definition, literature or documentation includes all media that can be used to communicate and store the information generated by mankind. Information can be instantaneous and on-site, such as, a lecture or performance. It can also be recorded, such as book and CD. When information is recorded with writings, symbols, pictures, audio and video clips, stored in a medium in certain format, and then kept in a place where it can be used conveniently. Now, the information in the medium becomes information resource. When a researcher uses it, it becomes reference or literature.

副本即是信息加上载体。
信息是抽象的，可以通过载体传播，可以通过处理载体来复制。
同一份信息可以有很多副本。
一本书包含了作为信息的内容和作为载体的纸张。
一次印刷可以复制出几千个副本。
传统出版物还会利用胶片、幻灯片、磁带、磁盘、唱片、CD等载体。

A copy is information and its medium. Information is immeterial and it can be communicated through its medium and duplicated through processing medium. One piece of information can have many copies. A book includes its content as information and paper as medium. Several thousand copies can be produced through printing it for once. Traditional publications can also be produced with film, slide, tape cassette, floppy disk, vinyl, CD and DVD etc.

图书馆学中，人们利用“资源描述与检索”（RDA）来辅导更广泛意义上的文献描述、创造和数据管理。
个中，文献本身被理解为四个层次：作品、内容表达、载体表现、单件。
这里，单件便是副本。

In library studies, people now use Resource Description and Access (RDA) to guide the description and discovery of literature or documentation and the management of its data in a more general sense. In this framework, literature or documentation itself is understood in the four levels of work, expression, manifestation and item. Here, an item is a copy.

参考文献的分类，实际上是文献内信息资源内容的功能性分类。
也便是说，某类信息资源传统上的名称，表明了这种资源的内容利用办法，比如，报纸便是定期印刷供人们阅读的信息。

The classification of literature or documentation is in fact the functional categorization of the content of the information resources in a reference. In other words, the traditional name of a type of information resource reveals the way to use its content. For example, newspaper is information printed regularly for people to read.

参考文献的载体类型可以从更广泛的角度来定义，个中实物、竹木简、布帛、纸张属于古代以来的传统载体；胶片、幻灯片、磁带、唱片、CD属于近代以来的电子载体；电子文档、数字图片、音视频、阅读软件、数据库、互联网网站属于当代的数字载体。

The type of medium of a reference can be defined from a wider angle. Traditional media include artifacts, bamboo and wooden slips, cloth and silk, paper and other things that have been used since ancient times. Film, slide, tape cassette, vinyl and CD are electronic media used since early modern times. Electronic documents, digital pictures, audio and video clips, reader software, database, website on the Internet are all digital media in contemporary times.

传统载体以载体本身为呈现工具，电子载体以电子设备为呈现工具，数字载体以电子设备内的软件为呈现工具。
这里电子设备可以不同，软件须要相同；然后不同的设备上可以呈现出同一信息副本。
当然不同的软件也可以用不同的环境呈现相同的信息。
以是，数字文献以信息来定义时，就可以利用DOI来表示这份文献，由于信息在不同的软件、硬件上始终是同等的，也便是唯一的。
也便是说，在不同图书馆里，各自数据库做事器上的同一本书有相同的DOI，表示它们是同一个副本。

Traditional medium uses the medium itself as the tool of information presentation, electronic medium electronic devices, and digital medium the software in an electronic device. Here different electronic devices need to have the same software so that the same information copy can be presented on them. And of course, different software can present the same information in different software environments. So, when a digital reference is defined as information, its DOI can be used to represent it, because the information is unique and it is consistent in different software in different hardware. In other words, the same book in the database servers of different libraries has the same DOI to indicate that they are the same copy.

实在纸质、电子载体、数字载体中的相同副本，信息也该当是同等的。
信息副本这个观点该当推广，但目前仍旧须要把不同的载体作为不同的副本来对待。
用DOI标识的文献信息唯一性只存在于数字空间。

In fact, the information is also consistent in the same copy in paper, electronic and digital medium. Perhaps the concept of “a copy of information” needs to be generalized. But now people still needs to treat the copies in different media as different copies. The uniqueness of referencing information, indicated with a DOI, only exists in cyberspace.

电子载体和数字载体中的信息，可以有不同的存储格式。
信息格式与呈现信息用的电子设备、软件以及存储所利用的载体直接干系。
呈现和记录笔墨、图片、音频、视频各自都有多种格式。

Information in electronic and digital media have different storage formats. Information format is directly related to software and electronic device used to present information and media used to store it. There are many formats for presenting and recording text, picture, audio and video clips.

供研究者利用的文献副本，也可以用几个附加特色来描述，即副当地位、副本独立性、副本可编辑性、副本版本。
副当地位便是副本的存储地点。
副本独立性说的是研究者利用的副本是制作者供应的正本，还是从其余的正本复制出来，本身不是与正本同等的。
副本可编辑性是说副本制作完成后是否可以由制作者或者利用者改变其内容或形式。
副本版本是指副本经由修正后标注的序号。
不同的版本代表了副本内容变更的韶光序列特色。

A copy of reference provided to a researcher to use can also have several additional characteristics: its location, independence, editability and version. The location of a copy is where it is stored. Independence means whether the copy used by a researcher is an authentic copy created by a producer or it is a copy duplicated from an authentic copy, and thus not equivalent to an authentic one. Its editability refers to whether its producer or user can change its content or form after a copy is produced. Its version refers to the number attached to a copy after it is revised. Different versions represent the modification to the characteristics of the content of a copy in time sequence.

数字参考文献包括三种数字信息资源：数据信息源、功能程序、通讯社交程序。
数据信息源为每一个利用者供应信息、数据，利用者只作为信息或数据的接管者。
功能程序作为工具利用，紧张是单人操作，供应输入，实现信息或数据的生产和加工。
通讯社交程序作为多人的通讯社交平台利用，利用者之间相互发送信息。

Digital references include three types of digital information resources: data and information source, functional application, communication and socialization application. Data and information source provides each user with data and information. Users are only recipients of information or data. Functional application is used as tool. It is mainly operated by a single person who provides input to actualize the production and processing of information or data. Communication and socialization application is used as a platform for communication and socialization for a group of people, on which users send information among each other.

数字化的信息数据源包含两种：一种是传统文献的数字化。
另一种是纯粹用电子办法生产的文献。
传统出版物中纸质或电子格式的笔墨、图片、音视频，可以通过软件工具，进行数字化，然后利用不同的载体进行存储和发布。
而直策应用软件数字化的笔墨、图片、音视频也可能反过来加工成纸质和电子格式，利用传统载体发布。

There are two kinds of digitized information and data sources: one is the digitized version of traditional literature and the other is purely electronically-produced references. Text, image, audio and video clip printed or produced in electronic formats can be digitized with software and then stored and distributed in different formats. On the other side, digital text, image, audio and video clip produced with software can also be printed on paper or produced in electronic formats and thus distributed in traditional media.

打算机程序，包括移动设备App，本身也可以作为文献利用。
根据利用者的活动，可以把供单人利用的工具软件、电子游戏作为一类，把联网的通讯社交软件作为一类。
前者的文献功能紧张是程序本身，利用软件产生的事情产品或者游戏记录可以作为其余一种文献。
后者的文献功能紧张是通讯和社交内容，程序本身作为文献的情形并不多。

Computer software, and also apps in mobile devices, can also be used as references. According to the activities of user, software tools and games can be seen as one type, which are used by a single person. Online communication and social software can be taken as another type. The program itself represents the referential function of the former type. And the products and game records generated through using such software are taken as a different kind of reference. The content of communication and social interaction represents the referential function of the latter. Programs of this kind are not often used as reference.

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